Gene cloning of ZmMYB59 transcription factor in maize and its expression during seed germination in response to deep‐sowing and exogenous hormones

Discovering the key genes responsible for deep‐sowing germination is very meaningful to cultivate maize varieties with strong germination ability in soil. In this study, ZmMYB59 gene whose functions remain unknown was successfully cloned. Subcellular localization showed that ZmMYB59 was localized in the nucleus. By analysing cis‐acting elements of its promoter sequence, many elements of MYB binding domain responsive to hormones (particularly gibberellin, GA) were found. On this basis, ZmMYB59 expression in different sowing depths, germination stages, tissues and treatments was analysed by real‐time PCR. ZmMYB59 expression levels in embryos or seedlings were significantly decreased with the increase in sowing depth at 2 days or 4 days after sowing (DAS). Further analysis showed that its expression in mesocotyls was also significantly downregulated with the increase in sowing depth at both 6 DAS and 8 DAS. Similarly, seed soaking with 10^‐5 M GA₃ inhibited ZmMYB59 expression in mesocotyls at 3 DAS. These results suggest that ZmMYB59 may play a negative regulatory role in seed germination in deep soil and the regulation is involved in GA signalling pathway.     

干播湿出技术对不同土壤质地棉花生长和产量的影响——以阿拉尔垦区为例

本试验在阿拉尔垦区选取不同质地土壤地块，研究干播湿出技术对棉花生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明：不同土壤质地干播湿出模式下棉花出苗率差异不大，整体出苗情况良好；沙质土棉田株高高于壤质土和黏质土，初期差异明显，后期差异逐渐变小；不同土壤质地棉田果枝薹数差异不明显，生育后期壤质土铃数最多；土壤碱解氮和有效磷的含量为壤质土>黏质土>沙质土，土壤速效钾的含量为黏质土>壤质土>沙质土，土壤含盐量为黏质土>沙质土>壤质土，棉花产量为壤质土>沙质土>黏质土。综合来看，壤质土为干播湿出技术的应用提供了最有利的条件，可促进棉花生长发育和对土壤速效养分的吸收，从而获得较高产量。     

玉米原茬地侧向清茬刀设计与试验

针对玉米原茬地免耕播种作业过程中残留玉米根茬和须根导致施肥播种部件堵塞、播种质量降低等问题,该文设计了一种玉米原茬地免耕播种用侧向清茬刀,分析了侧向清茬刀工作与结构参数对根茬清除率、土壤扰动率和功耗的影响。对侧向清茬刀清茬、输送、抛扔等作业过程进行分析,并依此对侧向清茬刀结构及正切刃工作曲线进行设计,确定了影响其作业性能的关键参数。应用三因素三水平正交试验和模糊综合评价方法,选取正切刃折弯角α、正切刃宽度B、清茬刀角速度ω为影响因素,根茬清除率、土壤扰动率、当量功耗为性能指标,对影响作业性能的侧向清茬刀结构和工作参数进行优化。结果表明:在作业速度7.2 km/h条件下,正切刃折弯角0.86 rad、正切刃宽度50 mm、清茬刀角速度52 rad/s时,根茬清除率为94.3%,土壤扰动率为54.3%,当量功耗为3.4 kW,工作过程中未出现堵塞与秸秆缠绕现象。研究结果可为玉米原茬地免耕播种作业提供参考。     

气吹集排式水稻旱直播机关键部件设计与试验

针对中国水稻直播品种不一、高速作业和大播量的要求,该文设计了一种气吹集排式水稻旱地精量直播机,直播机主要由均匀分种装置、定量排种装置、气力输送装置、同步传动装置、大尺寸集成种箱、开沟覆土镇压装置和支撑悬挂装置组成。从直播机的稻种适应性、作业速度、播量调节等方面研究了气吹集排式分种器的分种机理和分种均匀性。根据不同品种水稻种子的物理特性和气流输送原理,分析了不同种子在持续气流作用下,种子在分种器中的运动轨迹。按照大播量可调要求,设计了播量无级可调槽轮式排种器,槽轮槽形为圆弧状,通过双地轮驱动排种器保证播量同步。设计变速传动装置增加定量排种装置高速作业的适应性,气力输送装置使定量排种装置排出的种子在高速作业下连续排入播种沟。分种器的均匀稳定分种提高了直播机播种的均匀性和稳定性,通过减少排种器数量和使用气力输送种子,降低了伤种率。对比不同籼、粳稻品种在直播过程的运动规律和田间播种效果,得到了适应不同稻种的分种器结构及相关参数。试制了气吹集排式直播机并进行田间试验。田间试验结果表明,气吹集排式直播机的播量在75～375 kg/hm2可调,最高作业速度为14 km/h,10行幅宽2 m和20行幅宽4 m的每行播种量变异系数分别为4.89%和5.06%,田间播种的稻种破损率为0.46%。2017年,在宁夏播种富源4号品种的产量为10 372.5 kg/hm2,在广东播种粤农丝苗品种的产量为7 074kg/hm2,生产试验结果表明,所研制的气吹集排式水稻旱直播机达到了设计目标,满足作业需求。     

油菜精量直播机凸轮摇杆式播量调节机构设计与试验

针对不同区域的油菜种植农艺差异、不同播期播量差异及播量范围变化大的生产实际,该文设计了一种输出轴与输入轴转速速比范围为0.1～0.45的凸轮摇杆式油菜精量直播机播量调节装置。解析了调节机构的基本运动原理,分析了凸轮摇杆机构凸轮轮廓曲线及从动件运动规律,所设计凸轮轮廓曲线呈纺锤形,从动件位移曲线为螺旋曲线,从动件速度变化曲线为一峰三柱点曲线,从动件角速度变化曲线为2条不同振幅与频率的正弦曲线合并而成。开展了播量调节装置速比精确性和对排种器排种性能影响试验。试验结果表明,不同输入轴转速下,速比为0.2～0.45时播量调节装置输出轴转速相对误差值对比速比为0.1～0.2时较小,平均误差低于3.8%;不同输入轴转速、种床带前进速度下播量调节装置对排种器排种性能影响较小,播量调节装置可实现油菜不同播量需求。预调播量为5 500和6 720 g/hm2进行田间试验,结果表明,油菜各行1 m内平均苗数为16和20,符合预调播量;各行苗数一致性变异系数为6.48%和8.19%,播量调节装置满足油菜对变量播种的农艺要求。     

密度和播期对杂交玉米遵糯4号鲜穗数的影响

采用206最优回归设计方案,研究了不同密度和播期对遵糯4号鲜穗数的影响。结果表明:在试验设置的密度和播期范围内,随二因素升高,鲜穗数先升后降。综合考虑,密度在55 500~64 500株/hm2、播期在4月12—18日水平区间内,有利于遵糯4号鲜穗数的提高。     

Evaluation of WARM for different establishment techniques in Jiangsu (China)

WARM is a model for rice simulation accounting for key biotic and a-biotic factors affecting quantitative and qualitative (e.g., amylose content, chalkiness) aspects of production. Although the model is used in different international contexts for yield forecasts (e.g., the EC monitoring and forecasting system) and climate change studies, it was never explicitly evaluated for transplanting, the most widespread rice establishment method especially in tropical and sub-tropical Asia. In this study, WARM was tested for its ability to reproduce nursery growth and transplanting shock, using data on direct sown and transplanted (both manual and mechanical) rice collected in 24 dedicated field experiments performed at eight sites in Jiangsu in 2011, 2012 and 2013. The agreement between measured and simulated aboveground biomass data was satisfactory for both direct sowing and transplanting: average R² of the linear regression between observed and simulated values was 0.97 for mechanical transplanting and direct sowing, and 0.99 for manual transplanting. RRMSE values ranged from 5.26% to 30.89%, with Nash and Sutcliffe modelling efficiency always higher than 0.78; no notable differences in the performance achieved for calibration and validation datasets were observed. The new transplanting algorithm – derived by extending the Oryza2000 one – allowed WARM to reproduce rice growth and development for direct sown and transplanted datasets (i) with comparable accuracy and (ii) using the same values for the parameters describing morphological and physiological plant traits. This demonstrates the reliability of the proposed transplanting simulation approach and the suitability of the WARM model for simulating rice biomass production even for production contexts where rice is mainly transplanted.     

田间春播法鉴定小麦新品系冬春性

[目的]鉴定小麦新品系冬春性,为小麦品系选育提供帮助。[方法]通过田间春播法对2015年新选育的21个小麦品系进行冬春性分析。[结果]3个播期相互参考,相互印证,参加鉴定的21个品系,最终判定为1个弱冬性,13个半冬性,4个弱春性,3个春性;冬性类14个,春性类7个,冬性类品系占品系总数的66.7%。[结论]田间春播可以作为小麦冬春性鉴定的有效方法。     

信阳粳稻晚播气候适宜度分析

以信阳市近35年(1980-2014年)晚播粳稻幼苗期、分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗扬花期和灌浆成熟期等5个生育阶段的平均气温、降水量和日照时数等数据为基础,利用前人研究的气候适宜度公式模型,计算研究信阳粳稻晚播后的气候适宜度。结果表明,苗期气温、降水和日照气候适宜度分别为0.98、0.99和0.63,综合值0.85,适宜度高;分蘖期分别为0.99、0.51和0.54,综合值0.65,适宜度一般;拔节孕穗期分别为0.99、0.87和0.67,综合值0.83,适宜度较高;抽穗扬花期分别为0.70、0.99和0.56,综合值0.73,适宜度较高;灌浆成熟期分别为0.60、0.98和0.57,综合值0.73,适宜度较高。可见,信阳粳稻适当晚播后的气候适宜度总体较为适宜。     

春花生超高产栽培技术模式研究与应用

采取正交旋转回归设计,以播种期、种植密度、施肥量为试验因子,以9000kg/hm2为产量目标函数,进行春花生超高产栽培模式集成研究。结果表明,在鲁西南平原地区,超高产春花生以种植密度和N、P、K施肥量为主要限制因素,播种期为次要限制因素。明确了春花生单产达到9000kg/hm2以上的最佳种植密度、播种期和合理的N、P2O5、K2O施用量为主要指标的栽培技术模式,增产效果显著。